Using the Prepositions “By” & “With” – English Grammar Lesson

Introduction

Welcome to NJCLT's comprehensive English grammar lesson on using the prepositions "by" and "with." In this lesson, we will explore the different contexts in which these prepositions are commonly used, providing you with a solid understanding of their correct usage.

Using the Preposition "By"

The preposition "by" has multiple uses in English grammar. It can indicate:

1. The agent performing an action: For example, "The book was written by John."
2. A means or method: For example, "I prefer traveling by train."
3. A deadline or a point in time: For example, "Please submit your assignments by Friday."
4. The passage of time or a duration: For example, "He studied for two hours by himself."

Using "By" to Indicate the Agent

When the preposition "by" is used to indicate the agent performing an action, it is often seen in passive voice constructions. Here, the focus is on the doer or performer of the action, rather than the action itself. For instance:

"The painting was created by a talented artist." Here, the emphasis is on the artist.

Using "By" to Indicate Means or Method

The preposition "by" can be used to indicate the means or method by which something is done or achieved. This usage describes the tools, instruments, or processes involved. Consider the following examples:

"She cut the paper by using scissors." Here, the scissors are the tool used to cut the paper.

Using "By" to Indicate a Deadline or a Point in Time

"By" can also indicate a deadline or a specific point in time. It sets a limit or an expectation for when something should be completed or reached. For example:

"Please submit your assignments by Friday." This means that the assignments should be submitted on or before Friday.

Using "By" to Indicate the Passage of Time

The preposition "by" can express the passage of time or a duration. It indicates a period within which an action or event occurs. Take a look at the following example:

"He studied for two hours by himself." This implies that he studied alone for the entire duration of two hours.

Using the Preposition "With"

The preposition "with" also has multiple uses in English grammar. It can indicate:

1. An accompanying instrument, tool, or object: For example, "She painted the picture with a brush."
2. Having or possessing something: For example, "He arrived with a smile on his face."
3. Involvement or participation: For example, "She dances with grace and elegance."
4. Association or conformity: For example, "I agree with his decision."

Using "With" to Indicate an Accompanying Instrument or Object

When used to indicate an accompanying instrument, tool, or object, the preposition "with" describes the item used in combination with the main subject. Consider the following example:

"She painted the picture with a brush." This means that a brush was the tool used while painting the picture.

Using "With" to Indicate Having or Possessing Something

The preposition "with" can also be used to indicate having or possessing something. It shows a state or condition of possession. For instance:

"He arrived with a smile on his face." This indicates that he had a smile on his face when he arrived.

Using "With" to Indicate Involvement or Participation

"With" is used to indicate involvement or participation in a particular action or activity. It suggests being in the company of others or participating in a joint endeavor. For example:

"She dances with grace and elegance." This implies that she exhibits grace and elegance while dancing in the presence of others.

Using "With" to Indicate Association or Conformity

"With" can also indicate association or conformity with a particular opinion, decision, or action. It implies agreement or alignment. Consider the following example:

"I agree with his decision." This means that the speaker agrees with the decision made by someone else.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the prepositions "by" and "with" have various uses in English grammar, and understanding their correct usage is vital for effective communication. Through this comprehensive lesson, we have explored the different contexts in which these prepositions are commonly used, including indicating agents, means or methods, deadlines or points in time, and involvement or possession. By mastering the usage of "by" and "with," you can confidently express yourself in English and enhance your language skills.

Thank you for choosing NJCLT as your language learning resource. We hope that this English grammar lesson has been helpful in expanding your knowledge. Stay tuned for more informative lessons!